ارزشباریِ علم و برهان تعیّن ناقص | ||
| پژوهشهای فلسفی -کلامی | ||
| مقاله 4، دوره 23، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 88، تیر 1400، صفحه 75-98 اصل مقاله (6.38 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله علمی پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22091/jptr.2021.7007.2550 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| غلامحسین جوادپور* | ||
| استادیار گروه کلام، مؤسسه پژوهشی حکمت و فلسفه ایران، تهران، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| یکی از مسائل مهم در دامان فلسفۀ علم در دهههای اخیر، ارزیابی امکان و لزوم پاکسازی فرایند علم از ارزشهاست. تأثیر ارزشهای علمی در فرایند علمیْ محل مناقشه نیست، اما دخالت ارزشهای غیر علمی - به دلایل مختلف و ازجمله خدشه در عینیت علم - محل تردید جدّی است. یکی از مهمترین استدلالهای مدافعان این اثرگذاری، تمسک به تعیّن ناقص گذرای فرضیه بر اساس شواهد و قواعد موجود است. در فرایند علم، گاه اتفاق میافتد که مجموعهٔ شواهد در دسترس بههمراه قواعد منطقی و علمی، پژوهشگر را به نتیجه معیّنی رهنمون نمیشود و هنوز چند گزینهٔ بدیل پیشروی او وجود دارد. حال، از آنجا که مؤلفههای علمی بنا به فرض، از تعیّن کامل فرضیه ناتوان هستند، انتخاب از میان این گزینهها بر پایهٔ ارزشهای غیر علمی خواهد بود و در نتیجه، دخالت این قسم از ارزشها در فرایند علم مُجاز خواهد بود. مهمترین چالش پیش روی این دفاع، خدشه به عینیت علم است؛ زیرا شکاف بین فرضیه و مؤلفههای علمی، با عوامل غیر علمی پر شده است و این نگرشی غایتگرایانه و عملگرایانه به علم است؛ نه نگاهی واقعگرایانه. همچنین عوامل اثرگذار بر انتخابِ نظریه در حالت تعیّن ناقص، اعم از ارزشهای غیر علمی هستند و میتوان انتخاب نهایی را مولود ویژگیهای شخصیتی یا عوامل محیطی و فرهنگی غیر هنجاری دانست. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| تعیّن ناقص؛ علمِ ارزشبار؛ علمِ غیر ارزشبار؛ عینیت؛ نسبیت؛ ارزشهای علمی و غیر علمی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The Value-ladenness of Science and Argument from Underdetermination | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Gholamhossein Javadpoor | ||
| Assistant Professor, Philosophy of Religion, Department of Kalam, Iranian Institute of Philosophy, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The conflict between the impact of unscientific factors on science and its process, or in other words, “oriented science”, has a long history. But in recent decades, the issue has been reborn in more detail and with a focus on unscientific values as well as a focus on the natural sciences at the heart of the philosophy of science, with numerous proponents and opponents arguing for their claims. Opponents of influence, often influenced by the positivist discourse that governs science, considered the involvement of any unscientific factors, including contextual values, in conflict with the ideal of science (objectivity and accurate reporting of natural fact), and spoke of neutral or value-free science. Accordingly, to justify any hypothesis, theory or scientific explanation, only scientific criteria should be sufficient, including scientific values, scientific and logical rules and evidences. On the contrary, some introduced such an ideal as unattainable, undesirable, or based on incorrect principles, and considering the scientific and practical consequences of scientific theories and hypotheses, they argued in defense of the impact of unscientific values on the process of science, which is the most important; they are: “inaccuracy of distinction between scientific and non-scientific values”, “necessity of underdetermination of hypothesis or theory through empirical evidence”, and “avoidance of inductive risk”. Underdetermination is a common term in experimental science books as well as philosophy of science. From a descriptive view, since the predominant method in the processes of experimental sciences is induction, it often happens that the collection and analysis of certain data by induction does not lead to a single and unique result, and if we consider all scientific and epistemological factors and criteria, however, no definitive conclusion can be drawn, and although numerous cases have been excluded from the results and are not supported by evidence, there are still several hypotheses, theories, or explanations that are supported by scientific criteria in much the same way. So, often more than one theory, explanation, or law is consistent with a particular set of evidence. The question is what happens when researchers eventually choose one of these alternatives and reject the others? If, according to the assumption, all scientific and epistemic factors have not been able to present a definite final result, then a complete determination is born of the involvement of non-scientific factors. The most important challenge in advancing this argument is to defend the objectivity of science despite being influenced by non-scientific factors. This problem can be solved only by knowing the values objectively and believing that they are based on real things, and that such attitudes about the metaphysics of value is common and can be defended. Other problems such as confusion between scientific and practical fields and complete elimination of underdetermination through purely scientific components are not very serious and it seems that the elimination of transient underdetermination can be achieved only by the influence of non-scientific factors. Of course, unscientific factors include unscientific values, and in practice, this gap can be filled with non-valuable factors. In this case, the underdetermination is not a response to the ideal of "value-free science", but a trace of the ideal of "epistemic purity" in general (including purity of non-epistemic values and non-epistemic non-valuable factors). | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| underdetermination, value-free science, value-laden science, objectivity, relativity, scientific and non-scientific values | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Biddle, J. (2013). State of the field: Transient underdetermination and values in science. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 44(1), 124–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2012.09.003 Chakravartty, A. (2007). A Metaphysics for Scientific Realism. Cambridge University Press. Devitt, M. (2008). Realism/Anti-Realism. In Realism/Anti-Realism. Routledge Handbooks Online. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203744857.ch24 Doppelt, G., (2008). Values in science, in Psillos. Stathis and Martin Curd (Ed.). The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Science, USA and Canada, Routledge. Douglas, H. E. (2009). Science, Policy, and the Value-Free Ideal. University of Pittsburgh Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt6wrc78 Duhem, P. M. M., Vuillemin, J., & Broglie, L. de. (1954). The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory (P. P. Wiener, Trans.; 9932nd edition). Princeton University Press. Elliott, K. C. (2011). Direct and Indirect Roles for Values in Science*. Philosophy of Science, 78(2), 303–324. https://doi.org/10.1086/659222 Feldman, R. (2007). Reasonable Religious Disagreements. In L. Antony (Ed.), Philosophers Without Gods: Meditations on Atheism and the Secular Life (pp. 194–214). Oxford University Press Geivett, R. D., & Sweetman, B. (1993). Contemporary Perspectives on Religious Epistemology (1st edition). Oxford University Press. Intemann, K. (2001). Science and Values: Are Value Judgments Always Irrelevant to the Justification of Scientific Claims? Philosophy of Science, 68(S3), S506–S518. https://doi.org/10.1086/392932 Jeffrey, R. C. (1956). Valuation and Acceptance of Scientific Hypotheses. Philosophy of Science, 23(3), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1086/287489 Johnson, D., (1989). Sociological Theory. New York, Wiley and Sons. Kelly, T. (2014). Evidence Can Be Permissive. In M. Steup & J. Turri and E. Sosa (Eds.), Contemporary Debates in Epistemology (p. 298). Wiley-Blackwell. Kemeny, J. G. (1951). W. V. Quine. Two dogmas of empiricism. The philosophical review, vol. 60 (1951), pp. 20–43. Journal of Symbolic Logic, 17(4), 281–283. https://doi.org/10.2307/2266637 Kitcher, P. (2001). Science, Truth, and Democracy (Revised edition). Oxford University Press. Kourany, J. A. (2003). A Philosophy of Science for the Twenty‐First Century. Philosophy of Science, 70(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1086/367864 Ladyman, J. (2001). Understanding Philosophy of Science. Routledge. Longino, H. E. (1990). Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry. Princeton University Press. Mitchell, S., (2004). The Prescribed and Proscribed Values in Science Policy, in P. Machamer & G. Wolters, Science, Values, and Objectivity (pp. 245-255). Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press. Neuman, W., (1997). Social Research Methods, Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. London, Allyn and Bacon. Norton, J. D. (2008). Must Evidence Underdetermine Theory? In M. Carrier, D. A. Howard, & J. Kourany (Eds.), The Challenge of the Social and the Pressure of Practice (pp. 17– 44). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. Steel, D. (2010). Epistemic Values and the Argument from Inductive Risk*. Philosophy of Science, 77(1), 14–34. https://doi.org/10.1086/650206 White, R. (2014). Evidence Cannot Be Permissive. In M. Steup & J. Turri and E. Sosa (Eds.), Contemporary Debates in Epistemology (p. 312). Wiley-Blackwell. Wilholt, T. (2009). Bias and values in scientific research. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 40(1), 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsa.2008.12.005
| ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,408 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 878 |
||