دوگانهگرایی معرفتشناختی در نظریۀ کارکردگرایی و تبیین نقشهای علّی | ||
| پژوهشهای فلسفی -کلامی | ||
| دوره 28، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 108، تیر 1405، صفحه 155-180 اصل مقاله (1.38 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله علمی پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22091/jptr.2026.13435.3335 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| میلاد روشنی پایان* 1؛ اصغر واعظی2 | ||
| 1گروه فلسفه، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران ایران | ||
| 2گروه فلسفه، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران, ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| چکیده کارکردگرایی یکی از پذیرفتهشدهترین نظریههای امروز فلسفۀ ذهن در تبیین آگاهی است، که مبتنی بر اصل تحققپذیری چندگانه است. بر پایۀ اصل تحققپذیری چندگانه، کارکرد یک سامانه همبستگی ذاتی با بستر فیزیکی آن ندارد. از این رو، سامانههایی با خصوصیات فیزیکی متفاوت میتوانند کارکردهای مشابهی داشته باشند. این اصل بر این فرض استوار است که کارکرد یک سامانه صرفاً متکی بر نقشهای علّی در شبکۀ علیّت است. در فلسفۀ ذهن امروز، چیستیِ نقشهای علّی محل بحث بسیار بوده و منجر به بحثی گسترده نه تنها در میان موافقان و مخالفان کارکردگرایی، بلکه در میان نحلههای متفاوت در مکتب کارکردگرایی نیز شده است. در این میان، بحث میان طرفداران فروکاستگرایی، که معتقد به فروکاست نقشهای علّی به کارکردهای فیزیکالیستی هستند، با طرفداران نافروکاستگرایی، که معتقد به استقلال متافیزیکی نقشهای علّی هستند، یکی از داغترین مباحث این حوزه بوده است. در این مقاله، پس از طرح مبادی کارکردگرایی و محلهای اختلاف، تلاش شده تا از موضعی معرفتشناختی راهکاری برای دشواریهای موجود در تبیین نقشهای علّی ارائه شود. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| آگاهی؛ شبکۀ علّی؛ فلسفه ذهن؛ اصل طرد علّی؛ فیزیکالیسم | ||
| موضوعات | ||
| فلسفه ذهن | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Epistemological Dualism in Functionalism and the Explanation of Causal Roles | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Milad Roshani Payan1؛ Asghar Vaezi2 | ||
| 1Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Abstract Functionalism is one of the most widely accepted contemporary theories in the philosophy of mind for explaining consciousness. It is based on the principle of multiple realizability. According to this principle, the function of a system does not have an intrinsic correlation with its physical substrate. Therefore, systems with different physical properties can perform similar functions. This principle rests on the assumption that a system's function depends solely on its causal roles within a causal network. In contemporary philosophy of mind, the nature of causal roles has been a topic of intense debate. This debate has not only arisen between proponents and opponents of functionalism, but also among different branches within the functionalist school itself. One of the most heated discussions in this area has been between reductionists, who argue that causal roles can be reduced to physicalist functions, and non-reductionists, who believe in the metaphysical independence of causal roles.This paper, after outlining the foundations of functionalism and the areas of disagreement, aims to offer an epistemological approach to address the existing challenges in explaining causal roles. Keywords: consciousness, causal network, philosophy of mind, causal exclusion principle, physicalism Introduction Functionalism emerged as a response to the shortcomings of behaviorism and the identity theory in explaining mental states. While behaviorism focused exclusively on observable behavior and the identity theory reduced mental states to specific neurobiological processes, functionalism defines mental states by the causal roles they play within a system. It argues that mental phenomena, such as pain, are characterized by their functional relations to sensory inputs, internal states, and behavioral outputs rather than by their physical realization. By embracing the principle of multiple realizability, functionalism provides a more flexible framework for understanding the mind, allowing identical mental functions to be instantiated through diverse biological or artificial structures. This principle, however, rests on a foundational assumption that has become the locus of intense contemporary debate: the nature of the causal roles themselves. The question of whether these roles are metaphysically independent of their physical substrates or are ultimately reducible to them has not only divided functionalists from their critics but has also created a significant schism within the functionalist school itself. This internal debate fundamentally questions the explanatory power of non-reductive functionalism, particularly when confronted with the causal closure of the physical domain. This paper aims to navigate this complex terrain by proposing an epistemological framework that reconciles the competing demands of physicalist ontology and the functionalist emphasis on causal organization. We argue that by adopting an epistemological dualism, it becomes possible to maintain the scientific legitimacy of higher-level functional explanations without falling prey to the causal exclusion argument. This approach suggests that while mental states are ontologically realized through physical processes, their explanatory significance can be understood through their unique roles within cognitive models, offering a coherent path forward for functionalist theory. Causal Roles and the Irrelevance of Physical Structure This section develops the functionalist claim that mental states are defined by their causal roles rather than by their physical constitution. Mental phenomena such as pain contribute to an organism’s survival by mediating between sensory inputs, other mental states, and behavioral responses. Because these causal functions can be realized through different physical substrates, functionalism endorses the principle of multiple realization and rejects the identification of mental states with specific neural structures. The section then examines Hilary Putnam’s computational interpretation of the mind through the model of the Turing machine. Putnam argues that a system’s logical organization, rather than its physical implementation, determines its mental states, thereby reinforcing the functionalist distinction between causal organization and material realization. This computational framework established one of the central philosophical foundations of modern functionalism. Putnam argued that mental states are functional rather than physical, using the Turing machine to distinguish causal organization from material realization. His probabilistic automaton extended functionalism to explain the complexity and variability of human cognition. The Problem of Causal Exclusion and the Return to Reductionist Physicalism This section examines Jaegwon Kim’s critique of classical functionalism through the problem of causal exclusion. Kim argues that if the physical domain is causally closed, mental causation must ultimately be explained in physical terms, making non-reductive functionalism difficult to sustain. He proposes that multiple realizability is compatible with local reductions of mental states to distinct physical realizations rather than a single universal reduction. The debate highlights the tension between preserving the causal efficacy of mental states and maintaining a coherent physicalist ontology. Epistemological Dualism: A Bridge Between Reductionism and Non-Reductionism This section explores attempts to reconcile reductionist physicalism with non-reductive functionalism. Shoemaker explains mental causation through inherited causal powers grounded in physical states, while Ludwig distinguishes metaphysical causation from epistemic causal dependence to preserve functional explanations without abandoning physicalism. Drawing on Woodward’s interventionist account of causation, the discussion argues that mental states can retain explanatory significance despite their physical realization, suggesting an epistemological framework that bridges reductionist and non-reductionist interpretations of functionalism. This section proposes epistemological dualism as a way to reconcile reductionist physicalism with non-reductive functionalism. While mental states are ontologically grounded in physical processes, they can be understood epistemologically through their functional roles within cognitive systems. Functional explanations therefore retain scientific value without competing with physical causation. By distinguishing ontological realization from epistemological description, this framework preserves multiple realizability and supports higher-level functional models applicable to both biological and artificial systems, offering a coherent response to the problem of causal exclusion. Conclusion Functionalism advanced the philosophy of mind by explaining mental states through their causal roles and accommodating multiple realizability, thereby overcoming key limitations of behaviorism and identity theory. Nevertheless, Kim’s causal exclusion argument challenged non-reductive functionalism by insisting that causal explanations remain grounded in the physical domain. This article argues that an epistemological dualist framework offers a viable reconciliation. While mental states are ontologically realized through physical processes, they can be understood epistemologically as higher-level functional References Camlin, J. (2025). Post-biological functional epistemology in recursive AI: Disproving Searle and Chalmers through the Camlin–Cognita dual theorem - Δ⨀Ψ∇. Meta-Ai: Journal of Post-Biological Epistemics, 1(1). Davidson, D. (1960). Mental events. In Essays on actions and events (pp. 170–187). Oxford University Press. Davidson, D. (1973). Material mind. In Essays on actions and events (pp. 200–211). Oxford University Press. Gulick, R. V. (1983). Functionalism as a theory of mind. Philosophy Research Archives, 8, 185–204. https://doi.org/10.5840/pra1982820 Kim, J. (1989). The myth of nonreductive materialism. Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, 63(3), 31–47. Kim, J. (2010). Philosophy of mind (3rd ed.). Westview Press. Kind, A. (2018). The mind-body problem in 20th-century philosophy. In Philosophy of mind in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries (pp. 52–77). Routledge. Kobes, B. W. (2014). Functionalist theories of consciousness. In T. Bayne, A. Cleeremans, & P. Wilken (Eds.), The Oxford companion to consciousness (pp. 310–315). Oxford University Press. Ludwig, K. (1998). Functionalism, causation, and causal relevance. Psyche: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Consciousness, 4(3), 1–26. Place, U. T. (1956). Is consciousness a brain process? British Journal of Psychology, 47(1), 44–50. Putnam, H. (1960). Minds and machines. In Philosophical papers: Mind, language and reality (pp. 362–385). Cambridge University Press. Putnam, H. (1967a). The nature of mental states. In Philosophical papers, volume 2: Mind, language and reality (pp. 429–441). Cambridge University Press. Putnam, H. (1967b). The mental life of some machines. In Philosophical papers: Mind, language and reality (pp. 408–428). Cambridge University Press. Shoemaker, S. (2007). Physical realization. Oxford University Press. Skinner, B. F. (1965). Science and human behavior (Internet ed.). B. F. Skinner Foundation. Turing, A. M. (1936). On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 2(42), 230–265. Woodward, J. (2005). Making things happen: A theory of causal explanation. Oxford University Press. | ||
| کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
| consciousness, causal network, philosophy of mind, causal exclusion principle, physicalism | ||
| مراجع | ||
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References Camlin, J. (2025). Post-biological functional epistemology in recursive AI: Disproving Searle and Chalmers through the Camlin–Cognita dual theorem - Δ⨀Ψ∇. Meta-Ai: Journal of Post-Biological Epistemics, 1(1). Davidson, D. (1960). Mental events. In Essays on actions and events (pp. 170–187). Oxford University Press. Davidson, D. (1973). Material mind. In Essays on actions and events (pp. 200–211). Oxford University Press. Gulick, R. V. (1983). Functionalism as a theory of mind. Philosophy Research Archives, 8, 185–204. https://doi.org/10.5840/pra1982820 Kim, J. (1989). The myth of nonreductive materialism. Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, 63(3), 31–47. Kim, J. (2010). Philosophy of mind (3rd ed.). Westview Press. Kind, A. (2018). The mind-body problem in 20th-century philosophy. In Philosophy of mind in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries (pp. 52–77). Routledge. Kobes, B. W. (2014). Functionalist theories of consciousness. In T. Bayne, A. Cleeremans, & P. Wilken (Eds.), The Oxford companion to consciousness (pp. 310–315). Oxford University Press. Ludwig, K. (1998). Functionalism, causation, and causal relevance. Psyche: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Consciousness, 4(3), 1–26. Place, U. T. (1956). Is consciousness a brain process? British Journal of Psychology, 47(1), 44–50. Putnam, H. (1960). Minds and machines. In Philosophical papers: Mind, language and reality (pp. 362–385). Cambridge University Press. Putnam, H. (1967a). The nature of mental states. In Philosophical papers, volume 2: Mind, language and reality (pp. 429–441). Cambridge University Press. Putnam, H. (1967b). The mental life of some machines. In Philosophical papers: Mind, language and reality (pp. 408–428). Cambridge University Press. Shoemaker, S. (2007). Physical realization. Oxford University Press. Skinner, B. F. (1965). Science and human behavior (Internet ed.). B. F. Skinner Foundation. Turing, A. M. (1936). On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 2(42), 230–265. Woodward, J. (2005). Making things happen: A theory of causal explanation. Oxford University Press. | ||
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