Introduction

when athletes prepare for competition, they accept the risk of physical injury at any time, both during practice and on the playing field, and the degree to which this acceptance is made varies from athlete to athlete. A number of psychological factors influence the risk of injury experienced, as well as the emotional and behavioral responses following injury. According to this model, individual and situational factors influence cognitive appraisal. During cognitive appraisal, athletes examine the demands of the situation, assess their resources for dealing with the situation, and consider their outcomes for potential responses. Cognitive appraisal and emotional responses to injury influence behavioral responses. In the case of extreme sports, athletes who have a strong desire to participate in the sport and view injuries as something they must overcome are more likely to try normally despite injury and to continue playing despite pain. Among these personality factors is sport identity, which Brewer, Van Raalt, and Linder (1993) defined as the degree to which athletes identify themselves as athletes. Individuals who are intensely involved in sports and are encouraged to participate in sports may focus their identity on the role of being an athlete. The occurrence of a physical injury may cause the sporting component of the individual's identity to recede. If they see themselves only as athletes, then they may lose track of who they are and where they belong after an injury. To mitigate the loss of their core identity, these athletes may make physical sacrifices, such as playing through pain and injury, in order to maintain their sporting identity. Another personality factor that can influence psychological responses to trauma is self-motivation. Wallerand (2003) has recently referred to the phenomenon of activity enthusiasm rather than self-motivation. Wallerand et al. developed a conceptual framework for activity enthusiasm, defining it as a strong desire for a self-defined activity that individuals enjoy, that is important to them, and that they spend a lot of time and energy on. Wallerand et al., considering enthusiasm as an active endeavor (where the individual controls the enthusiasm) and as a passive one (where the enthusiasm overwhelms and controls the individual), proposed two types of activity enthusiasm: adaptive enthusiasm (HP) and obsessive enthusiasm (OP). Passion and enthusiasm consistent with the automatic internalization of activity in identity are identified and occur when an individual freely and without feeling that self-esteem and social acceptance depend on continuous engagement in the activity, considers passionate activity important. As previous research shows, the role of sports identity has not been considered in examining the relationship between the two types of passion and enthusiasm for activity and psychological responses to injury. Given that it has been assumed that athletes with the two types of passion and enthusiasm have different levels of identity and, on the other hand, different levels of sports identity have different effects on psychological responses, it is therefore necessary to consider sports identity in examining these relationships. On the other hand, in contact sports where the probability of injury is high and the insistence on continuing the activity is higher than in other sports, the role of passion and enthusiasm for activity and psychological responses to injury may be different in these athletes. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to examine the relationship between passion for activity and sports identity with psychological responses to sports injury in karatekas.

Materials and Methods: The present study is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the study consisted of all karatekas with black belts in East Azerbaijan province who had at least one first to third provincial position. A total of 210 karatekas were selected as a sample using convenience sampling. Of this sample, 20 did not achieve the necessary points for being a passionate athlete, so they were excluded from the sample. Finally, the data of 190 karatekas were analyzed.

Results: The results of the t-test showed that there was a significant difference between the sports identity in compliant and obsessive karatekas (sig = 0.012, t = -2.53). Also, in comparing the subscales of psychological responses in compliant and obsessive karatekas, the results showed that the difference in the coping subscale (sig = 0.044, t = -2.03), cognitive strategies (sig = 0.001, t = -3.61), avoidance (sig = 0.001, t = 5.87), catastrophe (sig = 0.001, t = -6.57), and body awareness (sig = 0.001, t = 4.92) was significant. In examining the relationship between variables, the results of the Pearson correlation test showed that the relationship between sports identity and adaptive passion (r = 0.208, p = 0.013) and the relationship between sports identity and obsessive passion (r = 0.001, p = 0.358) is significant. The results also showed that the relationship between sports identity and psychological responses to injury in adaptive karatekas (r = 0.023, p = 0.256) and the relationship between sports identity and psychological responses to injury in obsessive karatekas (r = 0.001, p = 0.496) is significant.

Conclusion: The results showed that karatekas with adaptive passion used more physiological responses of body awareness than obsessive karatekas. This result suggests that adaptive karatekas are more sensitive to injuries and pain. These results are somewhat consistent with the results of Stephan and Droche (2008) and Wallerand et al. (2003), who showed that obsessive passion is positively related to perceived vulnerability to injury. According to Wallerand et al. (2003), more people with obsessive passion are aware of their own risks and are more likely to engage in risky behaviors. On the other hand, adaptive passion is negatively related to perceived vulnerability to injury (12). People with adaptive passion have greater body awareness than people with obsessive passion because they are able to recognize early warning signs and adopt cautious behaviors. The results also showed that karatekas with obsessive passion use more psychological responses of coping, cognitive strategies, and catastrophizing. These results indicate that karatekas with obsessive passion deal with injury and pain through different strategies and try to continue their activities. This result is consistent with the results of Rip et al. (2006). Rip et al. (2006) showed that dancers with obsessive passion suffer from chronic injuries for a long time and are intensely involved in the activity when injured. These results support the dual approach of passion. According to this approach, when people persist in their activity too much, it may lead to negative outcomes. These results are also consistent with the comprehensive model of psychological responses to sports injuries by Weiss-Bornstall et al. (1998). According to this model, personality factors (passion and passion) affect cognitive evaluation. During cognitive appraisal, athletes examine the demands of the situation, assess their resources for dealing with the situation, and consider their outcomes for potential responses. Cognitive appraisal and emotional responses to injury influence behavioral responses. In the case of acute sports, athletes who have a strong desire to participate in the sport and view injuries as something to be overcome are more likely to attempt to perform normally despite the injury and to continue playing despite the pain.

Overall, the results suggest that encouraging elite karatekas to develop adaptive motivation so that the purpose of the activity does not cause excess effort and does not conflict with health problems and other aspects of life may enhance general health and well-being. Therefore, adaptive motivation is a more optimal motivational basis for karatekas.

Research limitations:

Among the limitations of this research is the lack of control over the stressful conditions of the subjects outside of training, the limitedness of the examined sample and as a result the problem of generalizing it to other athletes in different disciplines, the existing research gap in relation to the study of the research variables, the research sample. Also, according to cultural and social factors, this case may be effective in generalizing the results at the national level and other groups. In the present study, variables such as social class, educational status, etc. It is one of the influential factors, which may have influenced the results.

Keywords: Passion, Harmonious, Obsessive, Sport identity, Psychological responses to sport injury.

Ethical Considerations

Compliance with ethical guidelines

The ethical principles observed in the article, such as the informed consent of the participants, the confidentiality of information, the permission of the participants to cancel their participation in the research. Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the University of Urmia.

Funding

This study was extracted from the Projects of first author at Department of Motor Behavior of University of Urmia.

Authors' contribution

Authors contributed equally in preparing this article.

Conflict of interest

The authors declared no conflict of interest.