Introduction

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and social anxiety and sports mindfulness in students of Qom province.

Materials and Methods: This research is descriptive-correlation in terms of its practical purpose and method. Based on the nature of the research data, it is a quantitative research. The statistical population of the research includes all the students of Qom province, numbering 50236 people. 381 students of Qom province were selected as the sample size using Morgan table and simple random sampling method. The data collection tool was A) Primary Inconsistent Schema Questionnaire: This questionnaire was developed by Young and Brown (2003) to measure early maladaptive schemas. The short form of the questionnaire was also prepared to measure 15 primary incompatible schemas based on the original form. Each item is scored on a 5-point scale (completely wrong, almost wrong, slightly right, almost right and completely right). In this questionnaire, a high score indicates initial incompatible schemas. The reliability of this questionnaire is based on Cronbach's alpha of 94/94.

1. b) Social anxiety questionnaire: Leibovitz's 1987 Social Anxiety Scale is the first clinical tool that assesses a wide range of social situations that are difficult for people with social anxiety disorder to encounter. There are currently three forms of this questionnaire called Leibovitz Social Anxiety Scale: Doctor or Therapist Version, Leibovitz Social Anxiety Scale: Self-Reporting Version and Leibovitz Social Anxiety Scale: Child and Adolescent Version are available. This self-assessment questionnaire for people over 18 years old has 24 statements and two subscales of performance anxiety (13 statements) and social situations (11 statements). Each item is rated separately for fear (0–3, not at all, low, moderate, severe) and avoidance behavior (0–3, never, rarely, often, always).

Cronbach's alpha method was used to check the validity of this test. The overall alpha coefficient is 0.95, the alpha coefficient of the performance anxiety subscale is 0.82, and the alpha coefficient of the social anxiety subscale is 0.91. To check the convergent validity, this test was compared with the social interaction anxiety scale (Matik and Clark, 2007).

1. c) Sports mindfulness questionnaire: This sports mindfulness questionnaire has 15 questions, which was designed and built by Dinat and his colleagues in 2014, and the purpose of this questionnaire is to evaluate mindfulness in the sports environment in different dimensions, which has 3 dimensions (awareness, non-judgment and refocusing). ) is. . The overall alpha coefficient is reported as 0.95.

To analyze the research data, Pearson's correlation coefficient test and multiple regression analysis and SPSS22 software were used.

Results: There is a significant positive relationship between social anxiety and self-management and impaired performance (r=0.42, p<0.01). There is a significant positive relationship between social anxiety and impaired limitations (r=0.336, p<0.05). There is a significant positive relationship between social anxiety and cut and rejection (r=0.415, p<0.01). There is a significant positive relationship between social anxiety and orientation (r=0.425, p<0.01). There is a significant positive relationship between social anxiety and inhibition (r=0.454, p<0.01). There is a significant negative relationship between sports mindfulness and self-management and impaired performance (r=-0.49, p<0.01). There is a significant negative relationship between sports mindfulness and impaired limitations (r=-0.469, p<0.05). There is a significant negative relationship between sports mindfulness and rejection (r=0.508, p<0.01). There is a significant negative relationship between sports mindfulness and orientation (r=-0.462, p<0.01). There is a significant negative relationship between sports mindfulness and inhibition (r=-0.516, p<0.01).

Conclusion: The results of the research show that there is a relationship between initial maladaptive schemas with social anxiety and sports mindfulness in students of Qom province. On the other hand, in explaining these research findings, it can be stated that early maladaptive schemas are broad, self-destructive and pervasive patterns that start from childhood and are repeated throughout a person's life. In this way, the primary maladaptive schemas are emotional and cognitive patterns of self-harm that are formed in the mind at the beginning of personal growth and development and are repeated throughout life. According to the above definition, a person's behavior is not considered part of the schema. Young believes that maladaptive behaviors develop in response to schema. Based on this, behavior originates from schemas, but it is not considered part of the schema. It is possible for a person's mind to develop an attachment schema without experiencing traumatic events in childhood because the person's mind during childhood is completely dominated and supported by parents. Furthermore, although not all schemas have developmental roots in traumatic events, they all interfere with healthy living. Most of one's schemas are the harmful result of the transformation process in one's childhood. People's maladaptive schemas fight for their survival. Although the individual knows that the schemas lead to discomfort, the individual feels comfortable with the schemas, leading the individual to conclude that the schemas used by him are correct. The schemas of each person's early childhood or adolescence create an accurate representation of the environment around him. Usually, the dysfunctional nature of one's schemas becomes apparent when the patient acts in everyday life and in interactions with others in a way that confirms their schema, even if their initial impression is incorrect. Furthermore, personal schemas are multidimensional, meaning that they differ in intensity and scope of activity in a person's mind. The more intense the schemas, the more situations can activate them. Mindfulness adds an element of knowledge to people's lives in which the decentralization perspective facilitates people's thoughts. This defocusing approach is also used for emotions and physical sensations. This type of attitude to cognitions related to the problem prevents the intensification of negative thoughts in the pattern of rumination. Mindfulness makes a person experience feelings without judgment and increases awareness of mental and physical feelings in a person and helps to clearly observe and accept feelings and physical phenomena in front of a person when they happen. At the same time, non-judgment and evaluation, patience, initiatory mind, non-involvement, acceptance and abandonment lead to the treatment of all kinds of mental problems.

Keywords: early maladaptive schemas, social anxiety, sports mindfulness, students of Qom province.

Ethical Considerations

Compliance with ethical guidelines

The ethical principles observed in the article, such as the informed consent of the participants, the confidentiality of information, the permission of the participants to cancel their participation in the research. Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the University of ToloueMehr Qom.

Funding

This study was extracted from the M.A thesis of first author at Department of Sport Psychology of University of ToloueMehr Qom.

Authors' contribution

Authors contributed equally in preparing this article.

Conflict of interest

The authors declared no conflict of interest.