Examining the Biosafety of Living Modified Organisms from a Human Rights Perspective | ||
| Iranian Journal of International and Comparative Law | ||
| مقاله 8، دوره 1، شماره 2، شهریور 2023، صفحه 136-149 اصل مقاله (1.75 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Original Article | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22091/ijicl.2022.7651.1005 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Komail Sadeghi* 1؛ Janet Blake2 | ||
| 1Ph. D. Candidate in Public law, Faculty of Law, University of Qom, Qom, Iran | ||
| 2Associate Professor, Department of Human Rights and Environmental Law, Faculty of Law, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Biotechnology as a modern-day phenomenon has had profound effects in various fields such as agriculture, health, and the environment. However, there are some concerns among scientists about the potential impacts of products resulting from the technology of living modified organisms (LMOs) on biodiversity and human health. This has led to the development of a set of rules and regulations known as biosafety to ensure the safety of these products under the Cartagena Protocol to the 1992 UN Convention on Biological Diversity. Biosafety can be considered as an approach to protect biodiversity and human health from potential threats while benefiting from the benefits of biotech products. From a human rights perspective, there seems to be a direct link between this field and biosafety, and there are many common concepts in both areas. The article seeks to examine the role of biosafety in human rights protection and examines how human rights can be protected to answer this question. In this analytical study, through studying the literature and primary sources, the role of biosafety in the protection of human rights has been analyzed and criticized from different aspects. The results show that biosafety can be considered a way to balance between different human rights and socio-economic considerations and the way of applying the precautionary principle have an important role in achieving this goal. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Biosafety؛ Human Rights؛ Right to Food؛ Right to Environment؛ Right to Health | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Blake J E, Sadeghi K, 'Study of Precautionary Principle in the Light of Biosafety Act' (2019) 9 Bioethics Journal 87 [In Persian]
Bøhn T, 'Invasion of exotic species: Lessons for GMOs?', in T Traavik and L L Ching (eds), Biosafety First: Holistic Approaches to Risk and Uncertainty in Genetic Engineering and Genetically Modified Organisms (Tapir Academic Press 2007)
Burachik M, 'Experience from Use of GMOs in Argentinian Agriculture, Economy, and Environment' (2010) 27 New Biotechnology 588
Council of Europe, Manual on Human Rights and the Environment (second edition, Council of Europe Publishing 2012)
Eide A, Krause C and Rosas A, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: A Textbook (Kluwer Academic Publishers 1995)
FAO, Right to Food, Making It Happen; Progress and Learned Lessons through Implementation (FAO 2011)
Fransen L, La Vina A, Dayrit F, Gatlabayan L, Santosa A, Adiwbowo S, Integrating Socio-Economic Considerations into Biosafety Decisions: The Role of Public Participation (World Resources Institute 2005)
Hayajneh A.Z, 'Civil Liability for Environmental Damage: A Comparative Study Between Jordanian and English Legal Systems' (DPhil thesis, Newcastle University 2004)
Hilbeck A, Binimelis R, Defarge N, Steinbrecher R, Szekacs A, Wickson F, Antoniou M.N, Bereano P.L, Clark E.A, Hansen M., Novotny E, Heinemann J.A, Meyer H, Shiva V, Wynne B, 'No Scientific Consensus on GMO Safety' (2015) 27 Environmental Sciences Europe 1
Horna D, Zambrano P and Falck-Zepeda J (eds), Socioeconomic Considerations in Biosafety Decisionmaking: Methods and Implementation (International Food Policy Research Institute 2013)
International Service for the Acquisition of Agricultural Applications, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops in 2017: Biotech Crop Adoption Surges as Economic Benefits Accumulate in 22 Years (ISAAA 2017)
International Service for the Acquisition of Agricultural Applications, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2008 (ISAAA 2008)
Kriebel D, Tickner J, Epstein P, Lemons J, Levins R, Loechler E.L, Quinn M, Rudel R, Schettler T, Stoto M, 'The Precautionary Principle in Environmental Science' (Commentaries) (2001) 109 Environmental Health Perspectives 871
Mackenzie R, Burhenne-Guilmin F, La Viña A.G.M, Werksman J.D, An Explanatory Guide to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and FIELD 2003)
MacNaughton G, McGill M, 'Economic and Social Rights in the United States: Implementation Without Ratification' (2012) 4 Northeastern University Law Journal 365
Mashhadi A, The Right to Environment (Iranian-French Model) (Mizan Publication 2013) [In Persian]
McCalla A.F, Brown L.R, 'Feeding the Developing World in the Next Millennium: A Question of Science?' (Agricultural Biotechnology and the Poor: Proceedings of an International Conference, Washington DC, 21-22 October 1999)
Oliver M.J, 'Why We Need GMO Crops in Agriculture' (2014) 111 Missouri Medicine 492
Patowary R, 'Scrutinizing the Impact of GMOs Through the Prism of Human Rights' (2014) 7 OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development 79
Prakash D, Verma S, Bhatia R, Tiwary B.N, 'Risks and Precautions of Genetically Modified Organisms' (2011) 2011 International Scholarly Research Network 1
Qaim M, Kouser S, 'Genetically Modified Crops and Food Security' (2013) 8 PLOS ONE 1
Qaim M, 'The Economics of Genetically Modified Crops' (2009) 1 The Annual Review of Resource Economics 665
Sadeghi K, 'The Legal Dimensions of Biosafety: Meet Iran as a Case Study' (MA Dissertation, Shahid Beheshti University 2016) [In Persian]
Salehi Jozani G, Tohidfar M and Sadeghi A, Biosafety of Transgenic Crops (Modir-e-Fallah Publication 2011) [In Persian]
Trivedi M, Singh R, Shukl M, Kumar Tiwari R, 'GMO and Food Security', in Omkar (ed) Ecofriendly Pest Management for Food Security (Elsevier Inco 2016)
UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 'General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Art. 12 of the Covenant)' (2000) E/C.12/2000/4
US Food and Drug Administration, 'How GMOs Are Regulated in the United States' (2022); available at: https://www.fda.gov/food/agricultural-biotechnology/how-gmos-are-regulated-united-states
Verschuuren B, 'Integrating Biocultural Values in Nature Conservation: Perceptions of Culturally Significant Sites and Species in Adaptive Management', in G Pungetti, G Oviedo and D Hooke (eds), Sacred Species and Sites: Advances in Biocultural Conservation (CUP 2012)
World Health Organization, Advancing the Right to Health: The Vital Role of Law (World Health Organization 2017)
Yuen-Ting W.A, Wai-Kit C.A, 'Genetically Modified Foods in China and the United States: A Primer of Regulation and Intellectual Property Protection' (2016) 5 Food Science and Human Wellness 124
Zilberman D, Holland T.G. and Trilnick I, 'Agricultural GMOs—What We Know and Where Scientists Disagree' (2018) 10 Sustainability 1 | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 397 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 356 |
||